高考英語閱讀的6大解題策略
2019-02-28 20:45:17三好網(wǎng)
高考英語閱讀6大解題方略,要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系,理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系,對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強(qiáng)的意識和熟練的把握,并具備運(yùn)用語法知識分析理解長難句的能力。
1. 略讀文章抓大意
即以最快的速度跳躍式地瀏覽文章的大小標(biāo)題、首段、每段的首句,以及表示句、段關(guān)系的連接性詞語(特別是however,but等后的內(nèi)容)等重要部分,以了解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容大意。事實(shí)上,一般只需花5~10秒閱讀大小標(biāo)題和第一段首尾句即可。
2. 重點(diǎn)閱讀上下句
因?yàn)檎_選項必定會與上下句之間語義銜接、邏輯通順,解題時大多只看上句,或只看下句,就可基本確定答案。
事實(shí)上,如果沒有時間來得及通讀或細(xì)讀,或者基礎(chǔ)不夠扎實(shí)即使讀也讀不懂,建議通過以下技巧,也基本上可以得滿分。
3. 看看結(jié)構(gòu)變輕松
在解題過程中,除了每做一道有把握的題后就在7個選項中將其畫掉縮小范圍外,通過觀察語言結(jié)構(gòu)也可將選擇范圍大大縮小,心情變得更加輕松,一般可將7個選項縮小到2~4個選項,碰對的機(jī)率大大提高。
(1)標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)。
如果考查段落標(biāo)題,先看看其他標(biāo)題的語言形式,同一文章中的幾個段落小標(biāo)題基本上是同一語言形式。如果其他標(biāo)題是名詞短語,該題答案也是名詞短語;如果其他標(biāo)題是祈使句,該題的答案也是祈使句。如:
1. The basic function of money.
Being explaining the basic function ofmoney …
2. Money lessons.
Approach money lessons with openness…
3. 74
Begin at the grocery store. Pick out similar brands of a product-a name brand butter and a generic(無商標(biāo)產(chǎn)品), for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. (2011新課標(biāo)卷)
A. Wise decisions.
B. The value of money.
解析:本題要求選小標(biāo)題。觀察其他標(biāo)題,都是名詞短語,因此,本標(biāo)題也應(yīng)是名詞短語;七個選項中只有A、B兩個選項是名詞短語,這樣就可大大縮小選擇范圍;瀏覽兩個選項,再看空后文字,發(fā)現(xiàn)decisions與choices大意相同(近義詞),故選A項。
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
如果正確選項只是某個句子的一個部分,就要看看空后這個部分是不是句子,如果是句子,看看是否有連詞,如果沒有連詞,要選的正確選項就應(yīng)是短語或是帶有連詞的從句。如:
Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 , buy the best-fitting, best-built running shoes you can find. (2015新課標(biāo)卷II)
A. After six days
B. For a good marathon runner
C. Before you begin your training
E. If they still feel good, you can begin running in them
解析:從句式結(jié)構(gòu)上看,逗號后是祈使句,沒有連詞,正確答案要么是帶有連詞的從句,要么是一個短語,只有A、 B、 C、 E四個選項符合,這樣就縮小了選擇范圍;根據(jù)空前句中的preparation (準(zhǔn)備),和常識可知是“訓(xùn)練前”,故選C項。
4. 詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)顯神功
作者或說話人在談?wù)撃硞話題或主題時,與主題相關(guān)的詞語必定會以原詞、同義詞或近義詞等形式在上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn),這種現(xiàn)象叫詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)。同一個詞的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)叫原詞復(fù)現(xiàn);以同義詞的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn),叫同義復(fù)現(xiàn);以近義詞或近義表達(dá)(意思相近,表達(dá)方式不同)的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn),叫近義復(fù)現(xiàn);以詞義相同而詞性不同的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn),叫同根復(fù)現(xiàn)。還有上義詞與下義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)(adult是teacher,parent的上義詞,而teacher,parent就是adult的下義詞)。
詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)是語篇銜接的一個重要手段,而七選五正是考查語篇銜接,因此,利用詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)解七選五十分管用。在近五年的8套全國新課標(biāo)卷共40道題中有13道題利用這一招可直接選出答案,利用這一招可將選項縮小到2個選項的還有5道,也就是說,平均起來,幾乎有一半的題僅用這一招就可解決。如:
39 If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. (2015新課標(biāo)卷I)
A. Learn to really trust yourself.
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D. Remember that you can expect the best inreturn.
解析:要求選段落主題句?蘸缶淙纬霈F(xiàn)victim一詞, 七個選項中只有選項C中有victim,原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。將選項C“不要把自己當(dāng)作受害者”代入空格處,與下文銜接緊密,故選C項。本段結(jié)構(gòu):總(總領(lǐng))—分(細(xì)說)。
值得注意的是,有的題利用詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)解題十分管用,但這并不意味著凡與上句或下句有復(fù)現(xiàn)詞的選項就一定是正確選項,只是正確的可能性更大,在解題過程中需重點(diǎn)考慮或優(yōu)選考慮而已。是否為正確答案,還得將含復(fù)現(xiàn)詞的選項代入原文,看該選項與上下文是否真的銜接,只有上下銜接緊密的才是正確選項。如:
38 Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being. (2015新課標(biāo)卷I)
A. Learn to really trust yourself.
B. It is putting confidence in someone.
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
解析:要求選段落主題句。不要因?yàn)檫x項B與空后句中都有confidence,原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)就選B,也不要因?yàn)檫x項C中與空后句中都有yourself,原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)就選C。選項A中的trust yourself與空格后的Having confidence in yourself(信任你自己)是同義復(fù)現(xiàn),所以該選項是重點(diǎn)考慮對象;將選項A代入原文,上下句意為“學(xué)會真正地信任你自己。信任你自己有助于做出更好的選擇……”語義銜接緊密,故選A。
5. 代詞邏輯亦管用
我們知道,七選五就是考查上下文之間的銜接,而代詞是語篇銜接的重要手段之一,故解題中要善于利用這一銜接手段。如:
Try to solve the problem. After you’re calmand you have support from adults and friends, it’s time to get down to business. 74 Even if you can’t solve it all, you can solve a piece of it. (2012新課標(biāo)卷)
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress isgone.
E. You need to figure out what the problemis.
F. And don’t forget about your friends.
解析:本段主題句是“Tryto solve the problem”,空后句又有solve it,其中it指什么?當(dāng)然是theproblem,因此,前句中一定會出現(xiàn)problem一詞,七個選項中只有E項符合。
根據(jù)空格句與上下句之間的邏輯關(guān)系來解題,如解釋關(guān)系(對前句或?qū)χ黝}的進(jìn)一步解釋)、并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等。如:
●Get a coach
51 , so get help. Since there are about abillion companies out there all ready to offer you public speaking training and courses, here are some things to look for when deciding the training that’s right for you. (2013新課標(biāo)卷II)
C. Turn your back on too many rules
D. Check the rules about dos and don’ts
E. Whatever the presentation, publicspeaking is tough
解析:由空后的so(因此,引出結(jié)果)可知,空處要填的應(yīng)是“要得到幫助”的原因;選項E中public speaking is tough (當(dāng)眾演講是困難的)正是尋求幫助的原因,故選E項。(因果邏輯關(guān)系)
6. 篇章需要基本功
有的題利用文章或段落的“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系來解,也很管用,但需要以下基本功:懂得整篇文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)或段落的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)通常是主題句(總)+支撐句(分)(分述主題的具體內(nèi)容/說明原因/舉例證明等)。如:
From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: ability, money, and time. 36 Money isa topic I’ll save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. (2014新課標(biāo)卷II)
A. Try new things.
B. Ability is easily improved.
C. Make three or four instead.
解析:空前主題句中提到ability,money, time三個主要原因,空后提到了money與time, 所以這里應(yīng)是談ability, 故選B項。
眾所周知,有問就有答,問什么就答什么。根據(jù)這一常識,對解題也很有幫助。如:
The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds. (2014新課標(biāo)卷I)
C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.
D. So how can we help our kids prepare forjobs that don’t yet exist?
G. Being able to communicate ideas in ameaningful way is a valuable skill.
解析:由空后By doingsth. (通過做某事)這個表示方式的介詞短語可知,此空應(yīng)該是一個以how開頭的疑問句,故選D項。
此外,有時利用詞語同現(xiàn)也有助于選出正確選項。所謂詞語同現(xiàn),就是有相互關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語在上下文中有同時出現(xiàn)的可能性。如school, teacher, student, headmaster, class, test, fall, pass,maths, learn等這些詞就有可能在同一篇文章中同時出現(xiàn)。如:
Your children need to be deeply curious. 37 Ask kids, “What ingredients(配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?”(2014新課標(biāo)卷I)
A. Encourage kids to cook with you.
B. And we can’t forget science education.
C. We can give kids chances to think aboutmaterials in new ways.
解析:與空后句中的ingredients(配料),pancakes(薄煎餅)可能同時出現(xiàn)的,只有選項A中的cook,故選A項(鼓勵孩子跟你一起烹飪)。