每周一練：英語v-ing的用法

v-ing的用法

　　一、概念

　　1、v-ing形式的種類功用和各種形式：V-ing 包括動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞兩種，分別可作：

　　主語、賓語、表語; （動(dòng)名詞）

　　定語、狀語、賓/主語補(bǔ)足語 (現(xiàn)在分詞)

　　注意：其否定形式是在其前邊加：not/never.

　　其各種形式如下表：
 

　　2. V-ing形式的被動(dòng)式用法及種類

　　當(dāng)v-ing與它的邏輯主語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，要用其被動(dòng)式，  v-ing的被動(dòng)式有兩種：一般被動(dòng)式：being done；完成被動(dòng)式：having been done； V-ing形式的被動(dòng)式包括動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式兩種。

　　二、知識(shí)重點(diǎn)

　　考點(diǎn)/易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1

　　(一)動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式

　　動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式在句中可作主語、賓語、表語，且在句中只表被動(dòng)，不表進(jìn)行。

　　1、作主語

　　So being killed by sharks was a common thing.   因此被鯊魚吃掉是常有的事。

　　Being laughed at in public is a terrible thing.在公共場(chǎng)合下被嘲笑是件可怕的事。

　　Being exposed to the sun does harm to health.暴漏在陽光下對(duì)身體有害。

　　The president's being killed led to serious consequences.總統(tǒng)被殺導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重后果。

　　2、    作賓語

　　V-ing形式的被動(dòng)式既可作動(dòng)詞的賓語， 也可作介詞的賓語。

　　He was afraid of _________________ (abandon) by us.He did it without ___________ (ask)

　　You can't eat anything before _____________(operate on)I remember having been told the story.

　　3、作表語

　　What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.

　　使孩子最為擔(dān)心的是他不被允許到醫(yī)院看母親。

　　What I hate most is ________________ (laugh at)

　　The problem is for from _______________ (settle)

　　注意：①動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式作主語和表語時(shí)，常用其一般式（being done)，不習(xí)慣用完成式；但作賓語時(shí)，若其動(dòng)作發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，可用其完成式（having been done)。如：

　　I appreciate having been given the chance to study abroad.

　　我很感激能被給與到國外留學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。

　　1)動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式在句中作主、賓、表時(shí)，其特點(diǎn)是只表被動(dòng)，不表進(jìn)行。

　　2)動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式作主、賓、表時(shí)，有時(shí)可采用其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式，即：名詞所有格/形容性物主代詞+ being done。如：

　　Tom's being admitted to college is a big surprise for us.湯姆被大學(xué)入取讓我們很是驚訝。

　　The discovery of new evidence led to his being caught.新證據(jù)的發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致他被捕。

　�。ǘ�）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式常句中作賓補(bǔ)和定語，一般不作狀語（除個(gè)別情形例外）；在句中既表被動(dòng)又表進(jìn)行

　　1、    作賓補(bǔ)

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式（being done）作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，常與感官動(dòng)詞連用。

　　I saw James being held up in the water by old Tom.

　　You'll find the topic _______________ (discuss) everywhere now.

　　As we approached the village we saw new houses _____________ (build)

　　注意：與過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作已完成.

　　2、作定語

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式（being done）作定語時(shí)時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。

　　The meeting ______________ (discuss) now is very important.

　　He asked who was the girl _____________ (operate）on in the operating room.

　　注意：1）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作后置定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；過去分詞作后置定語表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；不定式的被動(dòng)式作后置定語表示未發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。如：

　　a meeting being held now 正在被舉行的會(huì)議

　　a meeting heldyesterday  昨天舉行的會(huì)議

　　a meeting to be held tomorrow 明天將舉行的會(huì)議

　　2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式(having been done) 不能做定語和賓補(bǔ)。

　　The building having been built last year (×)The building built last year (√)

　　We found him having been killed. (×)We found him killed (√)

　　考點(diǎn)/易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式(having been done) 作狀語

　　當(dāng)分詞與句子的主語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且此分詞動(dòng)作（明確地）發(fā)生在句子的謂語動(dòng)詞之前或持續(xù)發(fā)生一段時(shí)間（或持續(xù)發(fā)生多次）時(shí)可用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式(having been done) 作狀語。

　　Having been shown around the classroom， we were taken to visit the lab.

　　被領(lǐng)著參觀了教室后，我們又被帶著參觀了實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

　　Having been told the news， they put off the trip.

　　被告知此消息后，他們?nèi)∠�了這次旅。

　　Having been separated for many years by the war， they couldn't recognize each other.

　　因戰(zhàn)爭而分離多年后，他們都認(rèn)不出對(duì)方了。

　　Having been told many times， the boy still didn't know how to do it.

　　盡管被告知多次了，那個(gè)小男孩他仍然不知如何去做。

　　注意：1)若分詞有自己獨(dú)立的主語可構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　The work having been done，they left the office.

　　All the exam papers having been handed in， the teacher sent the students home.

　　2)在這種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式形式與用過去分詞形式差別不大。而為了簡潔，習(xí)慣采用過去分詞形式，如上面兩句常表達(dá)成：

　　The work done，they left the office.

　　All the exam papers handed in， the teacher sent the students home.

　　注意：過去分詞作狀語與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式的區(qū)別：

　　二者作狀語時(shí)，都表示與句子的主語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，區(qū)別不大，可以互換。但是在這種情況下，為了簡潔，還是習(xí)慣采用過去分詞形式作狀語。

　　Asked(=Having been asked) to work overtime，I missed a wonderful film.

　　由于昨晚被要求加班，我錯(cuò)過了一場(chǎng)精彩的電影。

　　Polluted (=Having been polluted) seriously， the water in the river was not safe to drink.

　　但是如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子的謂語動(dòng)詞之前或強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作持續(xù)發(fā)生多次發(fā)（或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間）還是習(xí)慣采用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式(having been done) 作狀語，但終歸區(qū)別還是不大。

　　Having been told many times， he still repeated the same mistakes.

　　盡管被告訴了多次，他還是犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。

　　考點(diǎn)/易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3

　　動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

　　1、在want，need，require，deserve等動(dòng)詞之后作賓語時(shí)，常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。

　　2、在（be）worth后面只能用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)來表示被動(dòng)意義。

　　His suggestion is worth considering.

　　3、在allow，advise，forbid，permit等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：

　　We don't allow smoking here. 我們不允許在這兒抽煙

　　We don't allow students to smoke here.我們不允許學(xué)生抽煙

　　三、綜合練習(xí)

　�。ㄒ唬┻m當(dāng)形式填空

　　1．_______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.（expose）

　　2．The bird ___   escaped. I didn't mind    at home.（catch；leave）

　　3．_________ the whole story， Jane decided not to see the film.（tell）

　　4．________ that it was going to snow， the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain.（tell）

　　5．The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ________.（catch）

　　6．________ many times， he finally understood it.  （tell）

　　7.Your car needs ____________(fill). 你這車要充氣

　　This city deserves _____________(visit). 這座城市值得光顧一下。

　　The problem requires ___________ (study)carefully.這個(gè)問題需要認(rèn)真研究。

　　The trees want ___________ (water).這些樹需要澆水了。

　　7. ____________ (ask) to put on performance， she refused.

　　8. He disliked _________________  (interrupt) in his experiment .

　　9. _________________ (give) such a good chance， you should catch it .

　　10. I didn't mind __________ (leave)at home.

　　11. He came in without ___________ (ask).

　　12. __________________ (show) around the library， we were taken to see the lab.

　�。ǘ�）將下列句子翻譯成英語。

　　1. 他受不了別人那樣開他的玩笑。

　　2. 這問題遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有解決。

　　3. 沒有誰請(qǐng)他做，是他自己做的。

　　4. 在動(dòng)手術(shù)之前你不能吃任何東西。

　　5. 既然已做出了決定，下個(gè)問題就是如何制定一個(gè)好的計(jì)劃。
 

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