高考語法考查中的名詞和冠詞考點詳解

　　一．高考考點剖析：

　　名詞的數(shù)量及用法可謂紛繁復(fù)雜，高考題每年都有對名詞的考查。近幾年考卷對該部分的單純考查在逐漸減少，但有向完型填空和短文改錯等題型遷移的特征。有關(guān)名詞的考查應(yīng)蘊涵以下考點：

　　1名詞的“數(shù)” 2名詞的“格”（所有格）

　　3名詞做定語的形式

　　4在一定語境中名詞的詞意辨析

　　5鏈接語法：主謂一致

　　冠詞應(yīng)著重掌握下列知識點：

　　1、 定冠詞the、不定冠詞a/an以及零冠詞的一般用法；

　　2、 冠詞的習(xí)慣用法和特殊用法。

　　二．知識結(jié)構(gòu)梳理：

　　一）名詞

　　名詞是表示人，事物，地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞。

　　名詞 專有名詞 Mary, Beijing 不可數(shù)名詞

　　普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 water, sand

　　抽象名詞 happiness, success

　　集體名詞 family, team

　　可數(shù)名詞

　　個體名詞 book, pen, man

　　I. 名詞的數(shù)

　　在熟悉名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上，突出以下幾點：

　　1．注意以下名詞數(shù)的概念

　　1.1. 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞(多為學(xué)科名詞)， 如：

　　physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States

　　1.2. 抽象名詞：表示具體或特定時，前面應(yīng)有不定冠詞

　　a pleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame

　　/an honor

　　a bright future, a strong character, a great help, a waste of time, a knowledge of English

　　1.3 總稱名詞：表示一類事物的總稱，不能加s

　　machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence

　　1.4單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式表達不同的意思

　　chicken雞肉 / chickens小雞; fish魚肉 / fishes( fish )各種魚; paper紙 / papers試卷; water水 / waters水域，room空間/ rooms房間

　　1.5只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如

　　glasses （眼鏡）,trousers, clothes，scissors等，注意加單位名詞的用法：a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

　　1.6 形式上雖是單數(shù)，但表示的是復(fù)數(shù)含義

　　people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分詞;（表示一類人）

　　1.7 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表達復(fù)數(shù)含義

　　belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops

　　2.集合名詞的數(shù)

　　注意主謂一致：看成一個整體時，謂語用單數(shù)，若側(cè)重各個成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)

　　eg: a) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.

　　b) My family are going with me.

　　3. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞

　　fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works

　　eg: How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

　　4 由連字符構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞的“數(shù)”:

　　a)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常只將其中的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)：

　　lookers-on 參觀者 sons-in-law 女婿 editors-in-chief主編 shoe-makers 鞋匠

　　b)如果沒有主體名詞，在最后一個詞上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾：

　　go-betweens 中間人 grown-ups 成人 follow-ups 續(xù)集 good-for-nothings 飯桶

　　c) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時定語和被修飾詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)：

　　men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials

　　5.不規(guī)則名詞的“數(shù)”:

　　常用改變元音字母或詞尾加en的方法構(gòu)成

　　woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,

　　foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,

　　6 .專有名詞的“數(shù)”

　　史密斯一家人 the Smiths 兩個瑪麗 two Marys

　　7.非名詞類詞匯的“數(shù)”:

　　縮寫，數(shù)字，字母的復(fù)數(shù)常用加’s的方法來構(gòu)成

　　three a’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)

　　e.g 1) Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 亂七八糟

　　2)You mightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.

　　8 固定結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的“數(shù)”

　　1) take pains 費勁做… 2) make arrangements 安排3)make preparations準(zhǔn)備 4)keep on good terms with 和某人相處融洽5)be in high / low spirits精神高昂的 6)extend thanks to 表達謝意

　　7)by means of 通過…方式 8)give regards of 向某人問好 9) give respects to尊敬

　　II. 名詞所有格

　　英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：

　　1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

　　2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗爭。

　　3） 復(fù)合名詞和短語的所有格在最后的詞后面加’s, 如 her brother-in-law’s bike, someone else’s keys a day or two’s rest

　　4） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

　　5) 分別格

　　如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。

　　John's and Mary's rooms（兩間）　　John and Mary's room（一間）

　　6) 省略格：

　　在表示店鋪或教堂,診所的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞，

　　在診所at the doctor”s 在我姐家at my sister’s

　　7)雙重格：

　　of +名詞’s 結(jié)構(gòu)， 如 a friend of my father’s , works of Lu Xun’s

　　注意：當(dāng)of 之前的名詞是picture, portrait等詞時含義不同

　　eg: This is a picture of my friend’s. 這是我朋友收藏的一幅畫

　　This is a picture of my friend. 這是我朋友的一張照片

　　III. 名詞的修飾語

　　1. 有些直接用名詞來修飾名詞

　　金戒指 gold ring; 物理實驗室 physics lab;

　　咖啡杯coffee cup; 油壺 oil pot;

　　蘋果籽 apple seeds；

　　2. 關(guān)于表示數(shù)量（許多）的修飾語（分類）：

　　A)a good many B)a good many of C) a number of D) numbers of E) a great deal of

　　F) a large amount of G) a large quantity of H) large quantities of I) a lot of

　　J) lots of K) more than one L) many a M)a few N)a little

　　（思考）1)_______________students _____________the students ___________student

　　2) _______________ news ______________wood

　　IV.名詞用法（比較）

　　1詞義辨析 2名詞的固定搭配 ★在特定語境中對名詞辨析能力的考查應(yīng)當(dāng)作復(fù)習(xí)備考的一個重點。

　　二）冠詞

　　I.不定冠詞（a/an）

　　1、基本用法：表泛指，

　　2、請注意以下一些特殊用法：

　　(1) 用于不可數(shù)的抽象名詞前；（見名詞）

　　(2) 用于某些物質(zhì)名詞前；

　　a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一場大雨; a strong wind 一種強烈的信念

　　(3) 用于專有名詞前；

　　a Mr. Green ; a Mary： a Shakespeare of China 中國的莎士比亞

　　(4) 用于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中：

　　once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,

　　all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , It’s a pity that… .

　　(5) 用于雙重修飾結(jié)構(gòu)中：so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n.

　　(注意) George tries to be as ____ ____ ______(一位好老師) as possible

　　(6) 用于表最高級含義的句型: 否定意義的詞 + ．．．．．． + a /an +比較級；

　�。ㄋ伎迹�：沒有人比我的童年過的更幸福。_______________________________

　　II. 定冠詞(the)

　　A)、基本用法：用于各類名詞前，表特指。

　　1、Where are the other students? Can you swim in the river?(比較：in a river)

　　2、the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky…(思考：a blue sky?…)

　　3、I have bought a book and a pen. The book is for my sister.

　　4、the second sentence, in the east (比較：east of…); A bird is flying through the air.

　　5、The horse is a useful animal. (比較：A horse is useful./ Horses are useful animals.)

　　6、the people, the Americans, the policeman, the public, ……

　　7、The rain is falling. The wind is blowing.

　　8、Shanghai is the London of China. the Venice of the East .

　　9、請通過下列句式結(jié)構(gòu)體會the的特指用法：

　　We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy.

　　They made rapid progress last term. The progress they made last term was rapid.

　　B)定冠詞在一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法：

　　1、in + the + 數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)式：in the early 1920s

　　2、the + 比較級 + …, the + 比較級 + …：; 越…; 就越…

　　3、the +姓氏復(fù)數(shù)：如the Greens, 格林一家

　　4、the + adj.; the + 分詞; the rich 富人; the living 生者;

　　5、by the + 單位名詞：如by the hour,

　　6、v. + sb. + prep. + the +人體各部位：caught me by the arm..　抓住了我的手臂;

　　7.、play + the + 樂器名稱，如：play the piano.彈鋼琴.

　　8．用在慣用語中。例如：

　　in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）,　the day after tomorrow

　　the day before yesterday,　the next morning, in the sky （water，field，country）

　　in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　 in the middle （of）,　in the end,

　　on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre

　　III、零冠詞：

　　1、零冠詞的基本用法：一般性的泛指，甚至表抽象意義。

　　2、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞，表示泛指；

　　如：Horses are useful animals.

　　(思考： A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal)

　　3、稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前不用冠詞；

　　○1. We made him president of USA. ○2. Who’s this, Mother?

　　4、球類運動、棋類運動和“三餐”前不用冠詞；

　　如：Have you had supper?

　　5、表示季節(jié)、月份，星期或含day表節(jié)日的名詞前不用冠詞；

　　如：March, Christmas, Women’s Day … (但是：the Spring Festival ……)

　　6、前面已經(jīng)有人稱代詞、指示代詞或不定代詞作定語的名詞前不用冠詞；

　　如：his book; that cat; any people……

　　7、by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ……

　　(思考：take a taxi, take a bus, in the car…)

　　8、某些習(xí)語，固定短語或固定結(jié)構(gòu)中不用冠詞。

　　○1 husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ……

　　○2 to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table ……

　　(思考：to the church, go to the school, in the hospital, at the table…)

　　○3 Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.

　　(但是：A lovely girl she is, …….)

　　At last, she turned doctor. (但是：She became a doctor.)

　　三 典型例題分析

　　I.隨堂例題剖析：

　　1. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his __________ was seen at its best when he worked with others.

　　A. temper B. appearance

　　C. talent D. character

　　2. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his__________.

　　A. ability B. force

　　C. strength D. mind

　　3. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _______ all over the country.

　　A. companies B. branches

　　C. organizations D. businesses

　　4. My ________of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.

　　A. idea B. opinion

　　C. mind D. thought

　　5. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _____________ drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.

　　A. interest B. view

　　C. scene D. attraction

　　6. How did you like the _________ of the interpreter at the Chinese FM press conference of 6-party talks on TV?

　　A. performance B. achievement

　　C. material D. words

　　7. — I’ll come and see you next Sunday.

　　— Is that a _________? Don’t disappoint me, I hope.

　　A. promise B. decision

　　C. request D. possibility

　　8. Before the final examination, many students have shown ________ of tension. Some have trouble in sleep while others have lost their appetite

　　A. anxiety B. marks

　　C. signs D. remarks

　　9. —How is Tom getting along with his new job?

　　—Perhaps he is very busy. __________ has come from him all the week.

　　A. A word B. No a word

　　C. No word D. No words

　　10. She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it is a_____.

　　A. business B. reward

　　C. pleasure D. favor

　　11. As a result of the heavy snow, the highway has been closed up until further__________.

　　A. news B. information

　　C. notice D. message

　　12. In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep __________ with the rapid changes of society.

　　A. step B. pace

　　C. progress D. touch

　　13. We’ll all have to bear it in __________ that self-confidence is the key point for a person’s success.

　　A. head B. mind

　　C. heart D. brain

　　14. You should take the medicine after you read the __________.

　　A. introduction B. words

　　C. instructions D. suggestions

　　15. John tried hard to find a job in the sales department, but he had no ________.

　　A. chance B. time

　　C. money D. luck

　　16. She took _______ to study the problem.

　　A. much pain B. a lot of pain

　　C. pain D. great pains

　　17. The assignment for Thursday is to write _________ composition about your hometown.

　　A. a five-hundred-words

　　B. a five-hundred-word

　　C. a five-hundreds-word

　　D. a five-hundred-words’

　　18. It’s _________for a child to read.

　　A. a too difficult book

　　B. rather a difficult book

　　C. quite a difficult book

　　D. too difficult a book

　　19. It’s _________ as the one we did last month.

　　A. as dangerous a job

　　B. as a dangerous job

　　C. so dangerous a job

　　D. such dangerous job

　　20. I called at ___________ three times the day before yesterday.

　　A. my teacher B. my teachers

　　C. my teacher‘s D. the teacher of mine

　　Answers: DCBAD AACCC BBBCD DBDAC

　　【經(jīng)典回眸】

　　1. The two were like ___ teacher and ___ student though they were the same age.

　　A. /; the B. /; /

　　C. the; the D. a; a

　　2. Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ___ international trade.

　　A. a; / B. the; a

　　C. the; the D. /; the

　　3. ——Have you seen ___ pen? I left it here this morning.

　　——Is it ___ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

　　A. a; the B. the; the

　　C. the; a D. a; a

　　4. Paper money was in ___ use in China when Marco polo visited the country in ____ thirteen century.

　　A. the; / B. the; the

　　C. /; the D. /; /

　　5. Most animals have little connection with ___ animals of ____ different kind unless they kill them for food.

　　A. the; a B. /; a

　　C. the; the D. /; the

　　6. Jumping put of ___ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ____ exciting experience.

　　A. /; the B. /; am

　　C. an; an D. the; the

　　7. The sigh reads “In case of ___ fire, break the glass and push ___ red button.”

　　A. /; a B. /; the

　　C. the; the D. a; a

　　8. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ___ hotel; I can find you ___ bed in my flat.

　　A. the; a B. the; /

　　C. a; the D. a; /

　　9. Alexander Graham Bell invented ___ telephone in 1876.

　　A. / B. a

　　C. the D. one

　　10. Wouldn’t it be ___ wonderful world if all nations lived in ___ peace with one another?

　　A. a, / B. the, /

　　C. a, the D. the, the

　　11. She is __ new comer to ___ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

　　A. the, the B. the, /

　　C. a, / D. a, the

　　12. Many people are still in ___ habit of writing silly thing in ____ public places.

　　A. the, the B. /, /

　　C. the, / D. /, the

　　13. It is not rare in ___ that people in ___ fifties are going to university for further education.

　　A. 90s, their B. the 90s,

　　C. 90’s, their D. the 90s, their

　　14. Four of Robert’s children were at the party, including ____, Luke.

　　A. the oldest B. an oldest one

　　C. the old D. an old one

　　15. From ___ serious look on his face, I knew that he brought ____ news of great importance

　　A the, a B / , /

　　C the, the D the, /

　　ANSWERS: BADCB CBACA DCDAD

　　【能力訓(xùn)練】

　　1. Tom owns ___ larger collection of ___ books than any other student in our class.

　　A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填; the

　　2. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ____.

　　A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices

　　3. When we got into ____ trouble, ___ number of people came to help me.

　　A. the; the B. a; a C. /; a D. /; the

　　4. For a long time they walked without saying ____ word. Jim was the first to break ___ silence.

　　A. the; a B. a; the C. a; / D. the; /

　　5. Father often says to me “Be ____ honest boy today and ___ useful man tomorrow.”

　　A. a; a B. an; an C. a; an D. an; a

　　6. What ___ honest boy your son is and what ___ fun he is.

　　A. a; a B. a; / C. an; a D. an; /

　　7. When he left ___ college, he got a job as ___ reporter in a newspaper office.

　　A. 不填; a B.不填; the C. a; the D. the; the

　　8. ___ rich used to look down upon _____ poor.

　　A. The; 不填 B. The; the C. A; a D. A; the

　　9. —I’d like ___ information about the management of your hotel, please.

　　—Well, you could have ___ word with the manager. He might be helpful.

　　A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an; a

　　10. They had to work from ___ morning till ____ night in order to pay off ___ debts.

　　A. the; the; the B. the; the; / C. /; /; the D. /; /; /

　　11. He was ___ medical student before he turned ___ engineer.

　　A. a; an B. the; the C. a; / D. /; an

　　12. Wouldn’t it be ___ wonderful world if all nations lived in ___ peace with one another?

　　A. a; / B. the; / C. a; the D. the; the

　　13. ——Have you seen ___ Audi car I parked here?

　　——Is it ___ black one? A young man has driven a black away.

　　A. an, a B. the, the C. the, a D. an, the

　　14. ___ Shanghai you see today is quite ___ different city from what it used to be.

　　A. The, / B. /, the C. The, a D. A, a

　　ANSWERS: BCCCD DABAC CAAC