高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧

　　推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線(xiàn)索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒(méi)有提到的或者沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類(lèi)旨在考查考生透過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬深層理解題。此類(lèi)試題的設(shè)計(jì)常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude等詞。這類(lèi)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要有：

　　(1)We can infer from the passage that ______.

　　(2)What can be inferred from the passage?

　　(3)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

　　(4)It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______.

　　(5)The author suggest in this passage that ______.

　　(6)The writer implies that ______.

　　(7)It can be inferred that ______.

　　(8)It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

　　(9)On the whole, we can conclude that ______.

　　(10)From the text we can conclude that ______.

　　(11)After reading the passage we may conclude that ______.

　　(12)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

　　(13)The author is inclined to think that ______.

　　(14)When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that______.

　　(15)What’s the writer’s attitude towards…?

　　(16)What’s the author’s feeling towards…?

　　(17)In the writer’s opinion…

　　理解文段的隱含信息包括：推測(cè)作者或人物的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、意圖、身份、情感，對(duì)作者或文段所涉及的人物、事件作出評(píng)價(jià)等，屬于深層理解，是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者必須具備的交際能力之一。高考閱讀理解的大部分題目都屬于這一類(lèi)型。要準(zhǔn)確地理解文段的隱含信息，除了要熟練地掌握基本的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，準(zhǔn)確理解句子的字面意思外，還要求我們運(yùn)用自己已有的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)，結(jié)合文段的相關(guān)的信息進(jìn)行推理、判斷。下面結(jié)合實(shí)例來(lái)談?wù)劷獯疬@類(lèi)題目的方法。

　　We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors.”

　　“Yes, I’m glad they’ve finally decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren’t you working late?”

　　Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下)of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.

　　After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.”

　　Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”

　　“You saw her, Mum?”

　　“Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.”

　　1. When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was ______.

　　A. to clean the floor

　　B. to please the nurse

　　C. to see a patient

　　D. to surprise the story-teller

　　2. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?

　　A. It is a children’s hospital.

　　B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.

　　C. The conditions there aren’t very good.

　　D. The nurses and doctors there don’t work hard.

　　3. Which of the following words best describes Mum?

　　A. strange　　　　　   B. warm-hearted

　　C. clever　　　　　　  D. hard-working

　　1. 運(yùn)用文段所敘述或描繪的事件背景提供的信息進(jìn)行推理判斷

　　第1道題要求讀者判斷“媽媽”從一間小房間拿拖把的真正意圖是什么。應(yīng)該說(shuō)除了D選項(xiàng)與文段的信息完全無(wú)關(guān)外，其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)相互間都有一定的干擾性，但只要我們注意到文段所敘述的事件的背景是在一家醫(yī)院，再結(jié)合文段末尾作者與母親之間的對(duì)話(huà)，就不難判斷該題的正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)榫统ＷR(shí)而言，人們?nèi)メt(yī)院的目的不外乎兩個(gè)：1. 就診；2. 探視病人。A選項(xiàng)展現(xiàn)的只是一種表面現(xiàn)象，不是“媽媽”拿拖把的“真正”目的；而“媽媽”去小房間拿拖把時(shí)是“輕輕地”走過(guò)去的，顯然，也不是為了“取悅”護(hù)士，所以A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不符合文意。

　　2. 運(yùn)用已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷或常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷

　　上文的第2道題要求讀者判斷所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中那一個(gè)符合醫(yī)院的實(shí)際情況。由于文段中沒(méi)有相關(guān)的信息支持A選項(xiàng)，因此，可以排除；C、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文段最后一段中“媽媽”說(shuō)的“It’s a fine hospital”有矛盾，因此，也可以排除。文段的第一句提到“We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book”。根據(jù)常識(shí)我們知道，人們“輕輕地走”的原因無(wú)非存在兩種可能性：1. 保持安靜；2.避免被發(fā)現(xiàn)。聯(lián)系到“媽媽”是冒充清潔工進(jìn)入病房的，探視“Dagmar”時(shí)又提起“hospital rules”，因此可以斷定“我們?nèi)绱溯p輕地走進(jìn)去”的目的不是為了“保持安靜”，而是“避免”被護(hù)士發(fā)現(xiàn)，從而可以進(jìn)一步推斷出“避免”被護(hù)士發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因是因?yàn)獒t(yī)院對(duì)探視病人的時(shí)間有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定，所以B選項(xiàng)是正確的。

　　3. 緊扣主題或話(huà)題，避免掉入細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)的陷阱

　　有些題目要求讀者根據(jù)文段的相關(guān)信息對(duì)文中人物的性格、心理狀況、心智或品質(zhì)作出判斷，這時(shí)一定要扣緊文段的主題或話(huà)題，不要受一些細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)的干擾。例如，上文的第3題實(shí)際上是要讀者判斷“媽媽”是一個(gè)什么樣的人。A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文段提供的信息沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系，可以排除。從文段中描繪的“媽媽”拿起拖把為醫(yī)院拖地這一細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)來(lái)看，似乎可以用 warm-hearted 這個(gè)詞來(lái)形容她的品質(zhì)。但是，只要記住文段主要敘述的是“‘媽媽’是如何在規(guī)定探望病人的時(shí)間之外進(jìn)入病房探望Dagmar這一話(huà)題，就不難判斷“媽媽”拿拖把拖地的最終目的是什么，從而進(jìn)一步得出結(jié)論：只有用 clever 這個(gè)詞描繪“媽媽”才最合適。

　　4. 注意文段中信息的科學(xué)性，運(yùn)用已有的科學(xué)常識(shí)和學(xué)科知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷

　　Sam and Joe were astronauts. There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive. Sam and Joe, however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous. “We’re the best men for the job,” they said to the boss. “There may be problems, but we can find the answers.” “They’re the last people I’d trust,” thought the boss. “But all the other astronauts have refused to go.”

　　Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs. When the repairs were done, he tried to get back inside the spaceship. But the door was locked. He knocked but there was no answer. He knocked again, louder this time, and again no answer came. Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, “Who’s there?” “It’s me! Who else could it be?” shouted Joe. Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!

　　1. The writer tells this story to ______.

　　A. show the dangerous side of the astronauts’ life

　　B. show the funny side of the astronauts’ life

　　C. make people laugh

　　D. make people think

　　如果不從科學(xué)常識(shí)和學(xué)科知識(shí)的角度考慮，這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有一定的干擾性。但是有點(diǎn)文化和常識(shí)的人都知道，到目前為止有能力把人送入太空進(jìn)行太空飛行，并且宇航員能離開(kāi)飛行器進(jìn)行太空行走的國(guó)家只有俄、美兩個(gè)國(guó)家，而他們對(duì)宇航員的選拔都是嚴(yán)格的國(guó)家行為，不可能出現(xiàn)像文中第1自然段所敘述的那種由某個(gè)老板來(lái)挑選宇航員的情況；此外，有點(diǎn)物理常識(shí)的人都知道，在太空是沒(méi)有空氣的，飛行器的門(mén)也是真空的，而聲音無(wú)法在真空中傳播，因此，在太空工作的宇航員是不可能用敲門(mén)的方式把他(們)要進(jìn)入太空飛行器的信息傳達(dá)給艙內(nèi)的人，所以，在第2自然段中描述的那種情況是不科學(xué)的。顯然，作者寫(xiě)這篇文章的目的不過(guò)是為了搞笑而已，因此，C選項(xiàng)是正確的。

　　以上我們從四個(gè)方面分別討論了理解文章隱含信息的基本方法。但有時(shí)候題目的設(shè)計(jì)不一定這么層次分明，可能需要讀者同時(shí)從不同的角度對(duì)文段的信息進(jìn)行綜合分析、判斷。例如該題，我們就可以從常識(shí)和學(xué)科知識(shí)兩方面綜合考慮文段信息的嚴(yán)肅性，從而進(jìn)一步判斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的。因此，應(yīng)該在熟練掌握的基礎(chǔ)上靈活地運(yùn)用這些方法。